Chapter 4 — Individual Games and Sports I

Chapter 4 is about track and field as an individual sport. It covers the history of track and field, classification of events (sprints, middle distance, long distance, hurdles, relays, jumping, and throwing), combined events (decathlon and heptathlon), and the rules and techniques for each event.

Chapter 4 focuses on track and field events, which include running events (sprints, middle distance, long distance, relays, hurdles) and field events (long jump, triple jump, high jump, pole vault, shot put, discus, javelin, and hammer throw).

Decathlon is a combined event organised for men and consists of 10 events: 100m, Shot Put, High Jump, Long Jump, 400m, 110m Hurdles, Discus Throw, Pole Vault, Javelin Throw, and 1500m.

Heptathlon is a combined event for women and consists of 7 events: 100m Hurdles, High Jump, Shot Put, 200m, Long Jump, Javelin Throw, and 800m.

The modern Olympic Games started in Greece in 1896 and were initiated by Pierre-de-Coubertin.

The baton exchange must take place within a specified baton exchange zone of 20 metres. A team is disqualified if it fails to complete the exchange within this area or if any runner deliberately obstructs other competitors.

For male athletes the shot weighs 7.26 kg, and for female athletes it weighs 4 kg.

For women, the javelin is 2.2 to 2.3 metres long and weighs 600 grams. For men, it is 2.6 to 2.7 metres long and weighs 800 grams.

For women, hurdle races are 100m and 400m. For men, they are 110m and 400m.

The Fosbury Flop is the modern technique of high jump in which athletes begin clearing the bar with their feet first in a position so that the stomach faces the bar.

If tied, all tied competitors take a fourth jump at the last height. If they still miss, the bar goes down one increment and they jump again. This process continues until the tie is broken.

The triple jump is also called 'hop-step and jump.' The competitor dashes down the runway, leaps from a takeoff board, first hops, then takes a step, and then jumps into the sandpit.

The start is marked by a 5 cm wide white line. Starting blocks must be used for all races up to and including 400m. The starter's commands are 'on your marks' and 'set' for a crouch start. Any sprinter with a false start is disqualified.

The discus weighs 2 kg for men and 1 kg for women. The throwing circle has a diameter of 2.5 metres.

Five track and field events for women were introduced at the 1928 Summer Olympics. Events for disabled athletes were first introduced at the 1960 Summer Para Olympics.

In the hammer throw, athletes throw a heavy ball (7.265 kg for men and 4 kg for women) attached to a handle with a long wire approximately 4 feet in length. The athlete spins several times to gain momentum before releasing the hammer, and must stay within the throwing circle until the hammer lands.

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